III+Encuentro+Unit+9+Chemistry

= =  **UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL AUTONOMA DE NICARAGUA ** = =  **UNAN-LEON ** = =  **GUIA DE LABORATORIO PARA I AÑO Para la Carrera de Quimica ** = =  **Unit 9: THE MIND ** =**//I. //****//Grammar //**= = = =**//A. //****The simple past: Irregular verb **= = = 1 - [] = = 2 - [] = = 3 - [] = = 4 - [] =//<span style="font-family: 'Footlight MT Light','serif'; font-size: 18.6667px;">B. //**<span style="font-family: 'Footlight MT Light','serif'; font-size: 18.6667px;">The simple past: Question forms **= = = <span style="font-family: 'Footlight MT Light','serif'; font-size: 16px;">5 - <span style="font-family: 'Footlight MT Light','serif'; font-size: 16px;">[] = = = = <span style="font-family: 'Footlight MT Light','serif'; font-size: 16px;">6 - <span style="font-family: 'Footlight MT Light','serif'; font-size: 16px;">[] = = = = <span style="font-family: 'Footlight MT Light','serif'; font-size: 16px;">7 - <span style="font-family: 'Footlight MT Light','serif'; font-size: 16px;">[]
 * //<span style="font-family: 'Footlight MT Light','serif'; font-size: 16px;">II. //****<span style="font-family: 'Footlight MT Light','serif'; font-size: 16px;">GRAMMAR CONSOLIDATION **
 * //<span style="font-family: 'Footlight MT Light','serif'; font-size: 18.6667px;">III. //****<span style="font-family: 'Footlight MT Light','serif'; font-size: 18.6667px;">Listening and Dictation **

<span style="color: #800080; display: block; font-family: 'Footlight MT Light','serif'; font-size: 28px; text-align: center;">Answer the following Questions based on the reading below. <span style="font-family: 'Footlight MT Light','serif'; font-size: 16px;">1) Define acids and provide examples of it. <span style="font-family: 'Footlight MT Light','serif'; font-size: 16px;">2) What does Aqua Regia contain? <span style="font-family: 'Footlight MT Light','serif'; font-size: 16px;">3) What is the chemical formula of ascorbic acids? <span style="font-family: 'Footlight MT Light','serif'; font-size: 16px;">4) Provide examples of bases. <span style="font-family: 'Footlight MT Light','serif'; font-size: 16px;">5) How is salt formed? <span style="font-family: 'Footlight MT Light','serif'; font-size: 16px;">6) How many elements make up Zinc Sulfide? <span style="font-family: 'Footlight MT Light','serif'; font-size: 16px;">7) **<span style="font-family: 'Footlight MT Light','serif'; font-size: 16px;">What does neutralization consist of? ** <span style="font-family: 'Footlight MT Light','serif'; font-size: 16px;">8) Use the online dictionaries to define: <span style="font-family: 'Footlight MT Light','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> VINEGAR <span style="font-family: 'Footlight MT Light','serif'; font-size: 16px;">SALTS <span style="font-family: 'Footlight MT Light','serif'; font-size: 16px;"> SOLUTION, <span style="font-family: 'Footlight MT Light','serif'; font-size: 16px;">SODIUM <span style="font-family: 'Footlight MT Light','serif'; font-size: 16px;">Ions
 * <span style="font-family: 'Footlight MT Light','serif'; font-size: 16px;">ACIDS **

Chemistry : Acids, Bases & Salts The reaction of an acid with a base to produce only salt and water is called a **neutralization** reaction. **Acids** Acids are **sour** in taste. If **hydronium** ions are found in a solution, the solution is acidic in nature. Hydronium ions are the only positively-charged ions (cations) formed when an acid dissolves in water. All the properties of an acid are due to the presence of these ions. The chemical formula of an hydronium ion is H3O1+. An acid is known as a '**proton donor**'. **Examples of Acids** **Bases** Bases are **bitter** in taste and **soapy** to touch. If **hydroxyl** ions are found in a solution, the solution is basic in nature. Hydroxyl ions are the only negatively-charged ions (anions) formed when a base dissolves in water. All the properties of a base are due to the presence of these ions. The chemical formula of an hydroxyl ion is OH1-. A base is known as a '**proton acceptor**'. **Examples of Bases** **Salts** A salt is defined as a compound formed by the complete or incomplete replacement of the hydrogen ion of an acid by a basic radical. A **normal** salt is formed by the **complete** replacement of the hydrogen ion of an acid by a basic radical whereas an **acid** salt is formed by the **incomplete** replacement of the hydrogen ion of an acid by a basic radical. **Examples of Salts**
 * Aqua Regia** contains concentrated Nitric acid and concentrated Hydrochloric acid in the ratio 1:3. Aqua Regia means 'Royal Water' in Latin. It is used to dissolve noble metals like gold and platinum.
 * Milk** contains **lactic** acid. Lactic acid is named after the Latin word 'lac', which means milk.
 * Vinegar** is very dilute **acetic** acid. The vinegar used in cooking contains approximately 4% of acetic acid. The chemical formula of acetic acid is CH3COOH.
 * Sulfuric** acid is used in the manufacture of many car batteries. It is also known as 'Oil of Vitriol'. The chemical formula of Sulfuric acid is H2SO4.
 * Carbonic acid** is responsible for the 'fizz' in soft drinks. The carbonic acid decomposes into Carbon dioxide bubbles. The chemical formula of Carbonic acid is H2CO3.
 * Ascorbic** acid is the chemical name of **Vitamin C**. Deficiency of Vitamin C in the body may result in a disease known as scurvy. The chemical formula of ascorbic acid is C6H8O6.
 * Antacids** help to neutralize the acidity (of hydrochloric acid) in the stomach. They chiefly contain two bases, namely Magnesium hydroxide and Aluminum hydroxide. The chemical formula of Magnesium hydroxide and Aluminum hydroxide is Mg(OH)2 and Al(OH)3 respectively.
 * Sodium hydroxide** is also known as '**Caustic Soda**'. Its chemical formula is NaOH.
 * Potassium hydroxide** is also known as '**Caustic Potash**'. It is used in the manufacture of alkaline batteries. Its chemical formula is KOH.
 * Ammonia** is a basic gas which is used in the manufacture of fertilizers such as Urea, Ammonium nitrate, and Ammonium sulfate. Ammonia is produced for commercial purposes by the Haber's Process. When dissolved in water, Ammonia forms a base known as Ammonium hydroxide. The chemical formula of Ammonia is NH3.
 * Sodium sulfate** is a **normal** salt whereas **Sodium bisulfate** is an **acid** salt.
 * Sodium sulfide** is **soluble** in water whereas Copper carbonate, Lead chloride, and Barium sulfate are insoluble in water.
 * Sodium carbonate** is used in the manufacture of detergents and glass.
 * Zinc sulfide** is **insoluble** in water whereas Potassium phosphate, Ammonium carbonate, and Barium chloride are soluble in water.
 * Ammonium nitrate** is used in the manufacture of fertilizers.